Driver's control panel US-DK-1. The main battle tank's protection from high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) projectiles and missiles is increased by the new dynamic armor developed by the Poland Military-Technical Institute. This protection consists of 394 tiles with explosives, detonating in case of a direct hit. The tiles cover 9 m 2 on the tank.

Python Serial Port Example Windows Application. 108 tiles are placed on the turret, 118 on the hull and 84 on each side's anti-HEAT screens. The Twardy uses steel anti-HEAT screens instead of the rubber used on the T-72.

Erawa's main difference from the Soviet analogs is that Erawa's containers fit almost without gaps while on the Soviet modernized T-72 gaps reach 10–15 mm noticeably decreasing defense effectiveness. There are two Erawa modifications: Erawa-1 and -2, differing in weight of the explosives. Experiments showed that the Erawa dynamic defense decreases the high-explosive jet impact depth by 50–70% and penetrator (APFSDS) projectiles by 30–40%. Furthermore, explosive containers do not detonate when hit by shot of up to 30 mm calibre, shell or mine fragments, or when covered in burning napalm or petrol. The Twardy is armed with the same 125 mm gun used in the T-72, fitted with an automatic reloading mechanism which reduced the tank crew by one as it replaced the gun loader, and gave a rate of fire of 8 to 10 rounds per minute.

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Additional armament comprises the 7.62 mm PKT coaxial general-purpose machine gun and 12.7 mm NSVT anti-aircraft heavy machine gun. The PT-91 has a thermosmoke device generating smoke screens from fuel and 24 grenade launchers fitted with smoke or anti-personnel frag grenades. Download Driver Ricoh Aficio Mp 171spf on this page.

The modernization of the fire control system started by replacing the earlier used Soviet two plane stabilizer 2Є28M with a new stabilizer developed in Slovakia. It has an electronic information block showing the tank's technical condition. Furthermore, it informs the commander when effective sighted fire becomes ineffective because of an excessively high cross-country speed or other reasons. Drawa fire control system The, developed by Polish, contains the gunner's day sight PCD and the TES thermovision night sight developed by the Israeli company, the commander's combined day-night passive observation and aiming sight, a ballistic computer, a laser rangefinder and a data system processing information for the ballistic computer.

The sighting of the ballistic computer depends on the target's speed, weather conditions, projectile temperature and projectile type. The driver uses the control and diagnostic complex US-DK-1 controlling the tank's main systems and displaying information on a monitor. The driver's night sight was replaced by the Radomka passive night sight. The modernized tank's increased weight led the developers to add a more powerful engine.

It is a 12-cylinder S-12U diesel engine, a modernized version of the Soviet V-46-6 produced in Warsaw by (850 hp instead of 780). The main improvement is the modernized fuel and air injection system. This caused a noticeable decrease in the tank's road endurance. The latest Twardy variants have the 1,000 hp S-1000 engine with a turbocharger. Variants [ ] PT-91 Twardy [ ] Production variant for Polish Army, extensively modernized development of T-72M1.

Most of the vehicles are equipped with SKO-1M Drawa-1T dual-axis stabilized fire control system (with TES – Thermal Elbow Sight – total number of delivered thermal sights is 202 ) though some early production vehicles have a SKO-1 Drawa (with NV sight), Erawa reactive armour, a PCO SSC-1 Obra-1 laser-warning system and 850 hp PZL-Wola S-12U engine. The first 20 initial production vehicles were delivered to in 1993–1994 with another 78 full-scale production vehicles delivered 1995–1997, 135 modernized T-72M1 tanks (made in late 80s) delivered 1998–2002. Both new and modernized tanks have the same combat capabilities. Depending exact configuration Polish Army uses PT-91s in 3 variants PT-91, PT-91M and PT-91MA1. PT-91A Twardy [ ] Development variant with PZL-Wola S-1000 1,000 hp engine with mechanic transmission and number of other minor changes. Used for trials and as demonstrator on military exhibitions. PT-91Z Hardy [ ] ( Z for Zmodernizowany – literally Modernized) Further development with SAGEM Savan-15 fire control system, according to life fire test Savan-15 has only minor advantage in accuracy over Drawa.

The biggest advantage was a new gun stabilization system that gave the tank a significant increase in accuracy when the tank is on the move. Later it was used as a base to develop the PT-91M. This variant has won a number of stress tests in Malaysia over, and tanks, and has won the competition for a new Malaysian MBT. Only one prototype was made. PT-91M Pendekar [ ] ( M for ) — production export variant for Malaysia with Sagem Savan-15 fire control system, a new 1,000 hp powerpack with Renk automatic transmission bringing its top speed to 70 km/h. Its main gun have been changed to a ZTS 2A46MS 125 mm gun, a 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun and a 12.7 mm AA machine gun.

This variant is also equipped with Sagem panoramic sight, a Sagem laser gyro inertial navigation system, turret stabilisation system, Obra-3, integrated with 81 mm smoke grenade launchers, warning and protection system, communication systems. ERAWA 2, and German-made tank tracks (). Two prototypes made (renamed PT-91E and PT-91Ex), 48 serial PT-91M Malaj produced 2007–2009. Main article: The PZA ( Przeciwlotniczy Zestaw Artyleryjski, meaning 'AA Artillery System'; “Loara” means “” in Polish) is an armored self-propelled artillery system developed in the late 1990s. Based around the Twardy chassis, this system mounts an armoured turret holding two linked to a fire control system. It was planned that it would work closely together with PZR “Loara” (anti-aircraft rocket system) vehicles built on the basis of the PZA Loara but that project is currently on hold.

The Loara is an autonomous fire unit capable of performing its tasks independently or acting as a component of a wider air defense system. The system has two radars, 3D search radar and engagement radar. The search radar has a range of 26 km (16 mi) and is capable of tracking and identifying up to 64 targets at once. The radar system can also be operated on the move, refreshing its data every second. The system also has a laser range-finder, TV and cameras giving the system both all-weather day/night capabilities and the ability to operate entirely passively in a heavy environment. The system also has a reaction time less than 10 seconds. The system can engage aircraft flying at altitudes from very low altitudes up to 5,000 m (16,500 ft), and flying at speeds up to 500 m/s (1,125 mph).

It is also effective against lightly armored ground and naval targets. SJ-09 [ ] SJ-09 is one of the elements of the T-72 and PT-91 crew training system. The system is composed of both trainers teaching crew trainees how to operate different systems of the tank and simulators allowing training more advanced situations. For example, the SJ-02 is used tech how to load a main gun.

SJ-09 is the driver training vehicle used to train divers in operating of the vehicle as big and heavy as main battle tank. The vehicle itself is a tank chassis that have turret replaced with instructor station. All unnecessary equipment (like side skirts) was removed, the vehicle have a dummy main gun that obstructs drivers view (like in the real tank).

Vehicles used by Polish Army were rebuilt from the few original T-72 Ural in polish inventory delivered from Soviet Union; another vehicle was built new for Malaysian Army as a part of PT-91M order. PT-94 Goryl [ ] ( Goryl is for ) – project of a Polish main battle tank designed using experience gained on PT-91 project.

The tank would be similar in its design to (engine at front), and it would feature redesigned engine, transmission and fire control system. Armor: composite + ERA, main armament: 120/125 mm gun, 60 mm mortar, secondary armament: 7.62 mm PKT coaxial machine gun, 12.7 mm NSWT AA machine gun, crew: 3. This program was also known under the name. The program was cancelled at early stage.

PT-97 Gepard [ ] The Gepard ( for ), sometimes known as PT-2001, is another modification project of a Polish main battle tank prepared as future modernisation programme for T-72 family, the programme was called for, as first PT-91 proposition fell below requirements. Two propositions were submitted, one by which provided a project with modified frontal armor, different mortar and sporting –like turret with the main gun. 's competing project had new front and sides reactive armor and main gun. Despite considerable improvements, neither was approved for financial reasons, and no prototypes were built, however design experience helped with new PT-91 versions.